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englishActive-Passive VoiceActive से Passive: हर tense का नियम
Active to Passive: Rules for Every Tense
Active voice में कर्ता (Subject) काम करता है, जबकि Passive voice में कर्म (Object) पर फोकस होता है। हिंदी माध्यम के छात्र अक्सर tense की सही be-form भूल जाते हैं। SSC और Railway परीक्षाओं में direct conversion और error spotting में ये नियम बहुत पूछे जाते हैं।
नियम 1: Active से Passive बदलने के 3 बुनियादी चरण
किसी भी sentence को active से passive बनाते समय 3 काम करने होते हैं। पहला, object को subject बनाते हैं। दूसरा, tense के अनुसार be verb लगाकर हमेशा वर्ब की तीसरी फॉर्म (V3) लिखते हैं। तीसरा, old subject को 'by' के साथ agent बनाते हैं। Formula: Object + be + V3 + by + Subject
उदाहरण
- ✔ A letter is written by him. — उसके द्वारा एक पत्र लिखा जाता है।
- ✔ Tea is made by her. — उसके द्वारा चाय बनाई जाती है।
- ✔ The ball is caught by Ram. — राम द्वारा गेंद पकड़ी जाती है।
- ✔ Cats are chased by dogs. — कुत्तों द्वारा बिल्लियों का पीछा किया जाता है।
- ✔ Grammar is taught by the teacher. — शिक्षक द्वारा व्याकरण पढ़ाया जाता है।
- ✔ Crops are grown by farmers. — किसानों द्वारा फसलें उगाई जाती हैं।
आम गलती
- ✘ A letter writes by him.
- ✔ A letter is written by him. (Passive में हमेशा V3 (written) आती है और be verb (is) ज़रूरी है।)
- ✘ Tea made by her.
- ✔ Tea is made by her. (बिना is/are/was के passive नहीं बनता।)
💡 याद रखें: Passive मतलब 'is/am/are/was/were/been' के बाद हमेशा V3 होता है। प्लेटफ़ॉर्म पर नियम पक्का रखें। अभ्यास से गति आएगी। सही दिशा में मेहनत करें। परीक्षा पास करना आसान है। आत्मविश्वास बनाए रखें। लगातार प्रयास करें। सफलता जरूर मिलेगी। नियमों को समझें। हर प्रश्न हल होगा। गलतियों से सीखें। अपने लक्ष्य पर टिके रहें। समय का सदुपयोग करें। (Remember: Passive means be-verb + V3 always!)
नियम 2: Pronoun (सर्वनाम) में बदलाव
जब active sentence का pronoun object की जगह जाता है या subject की जगह आता है, तो उसका रूप बदल जाता है। जैसे I का me, he का him, she का her, we का us और they का them हो जाता है। You और it बदलते नहीं हैं।
उदाहरण
- ✔ I am helped by her. — उसकी सहायता से मेरी मदद की जाती है।
- ✔ We are supported by them. — उनके द्वारा हमारा समर्थन किया जाता है।
- ✔ You are scolded by him. — उसके द्वारा आपको डाँटा जाता है।
- ✔ They are respected by us. — हमारे द्वारा उनका सम्मान किया जाता है।
- ✔ She is helped by Ram. — राम द्वारा उसकी मदद की जाती है।
आम गलती
- ✘ He is taught by I.
- ✔ He is taught by me. (Preposition 'by' के बाद objective case (me) आता है, nominative (I) नहीं।)
- ✘ We are supported by they.
- ✔ We are supported by them. (They का objective case 'them' होता है।)
💡 ट्रिक: I->me, We->us, He->him, She->her, They->them. परीक्षा में pronouns पर विशेष ध्यान दें। सही विकल्प चुनें। अंक पक्के करें। (Trick: Memorize the pronoun shifts thoroughly.)
नियम 3: Indefinite और Continuous Tenses की Be-Forms
Present/Past indefinite में is/am/are या was/were का प्रयोग होता है। Continuous tenses में मुख्य verb की -ing हटाने के लिए 'being' जोड़ते हैं (जैसे is/am/are being, was/were being)। Future indefinite में will के बाद 'be' लगता है।
उदाहरण
- ✔ A song is sung by her. — उसके द्वारा एक गाना गाया जाता है।
- ✔ A book was written by him. — उसके द्वारा एक किताब लिखी गई थी।
- ✔ Cricket is being played by them. — उनके द्वारा क्रिकेट खेला जा रहा है।
- ✔ Clothes were being washed by her. — उसके द्वारा कपड़े धोए जा रहे थे।
- ✔ You will be helped by the teacher. — शिक्षक द्वारा आपकी मदद की जाएगी।
- ✔ English is spoken here. — यहाँ अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
आम गलती
- ✘ Cricket is playing by them.
- ✔ Cricket is being played by them. (Continuous tense में passive बनाते समय 'being' लगाना जरूरी है।)
- ✘ A book wrote by him.
- ✔ A book was written by him. (Past indefinite में was के साथ V3 आती है।)
💡 Continuous दिखे तो 'being' पक्का आएगा। (If it's continuous, 'being' must be in the passive.)
नियम 4: Perfect Tenses की Be-Forms
Perfect tenses (present, past, future) में has, have, had या will have के बाद 'been' जोड़ा जाता है और फिर V3 आती है। Formula: has/have/had/will have + been + V3
उदाहरण
- ✔ The work has been finished by him. — उसके द्वारा काम खत्म कर लिया गया है।
- ✔ The match has been won by them. — उनके द्वारा मैच जीत लिया गया है।
- ✔ Food had been cooked by her. — उसके द्वारा खाना पकाया जा चुका था।
- ✔ The task had been completed by me. — मेरे द्वारा काम पूरा कर लिया गया था।
- ✔ The puzzle will have been solved by him. — उसके द्वारा पहेली हल की जा चुकी होगी।
- ✔ A car has been bought by us. — हमारे द्वारा एक कार खरीदी गई है।
आम गलती
- ✘ The work has finished by him.
- ✔ The work has been finished by him. (Perfect tense में 'has/have' के बाद 'been' लगाना आवश्यक है।)
- ✘ Food had cooked by her.
- ✔ Food had been cooked by her. (Had के बाद सीधे V3 active में होती है, passive में 'had been' बनता है।)
💡 Perfect tense हो तो 'been' लगाओ, continuous हो तो 'being' लगाओ। (Use 'been' for perfect tenses and 'being' for continuous tenses.)
नियम 5: जिन Tenses का Passive नहीं बनता
कुल 4 tenses का passive voice नहीं बनता है: (1) Present Perfect Continuous, (2) Past Perfect Continuous, (3) Future Perfect Continuous, और (4) Future Continuous। परीक्षा में इनसे जुड़े गलत passive वाक्य देकर भ्रमित किया जाता है।
उदाहरण
- ✔ He has been reading for two hours. — वह दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा है।
- ✔ They had been playing since morning. — वे सुबह से खेल रहे थे।
- ✔ She will be singing a song. — वह गाना गा रही होगी।
- ✔ I will have been working here for five years. — मुझे यहाँ काम करते हुए पाँच साल हो चुके होंगे।
- ✔ Children are crying. — बच्चे रो रहे हैं।
- ✔ Birds fly in the sky. — पक्षी आकाश में उड़ते हैं।
आम गलती
- ✘ A song will be being sung by her.
- ✔ She will be singing a song. (Future continuous tense का passive voice नहीं बनता है।)
- ✘ The room has been being cleaned.
- ✔ The room has been cleaned. (Present/Past/Future perfect continuous का passive नहीं होता।)
💡 याद रखें: 4 continuous/perfect continuous tenses का passive नहीं बनता। (Remember: The 4 continuous/perfect continuous tenses have no passive forms.)
एक नज़र में (Revision)
- Active से passive बनाते समय object को subject बनाते हैं।
- Passive voice में हमेशा मुख्य क्रिया की तीसरी फॉर्म (V3) का प्रयोग होता है।
- Continuous tenses में being का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- Perfect tenses में been का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- 4 tenses (Future Continuous और तीनों Perfect Continuous) का passive नहीं बनता।
- Pronouns बदलते हैं जैसे I का me और he का him हो जाता है।
अपने आप को जाँचिए — 9 प्रश्न
1. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: A letter (A) / is write (B) / by him. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) A letter
- (ख) is write
- (ग) by him
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ख) is write
is के बाद V3 (written) आनी चाहिए।
2. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: The match (A) / was won (B) / by they. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) The match
- (ख) was won
- (ग) by they
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ग) by they
They का objective case 'them' होता है।
3. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: Cricket is (A) / play by (B) / them now. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) Cricket is
- (ख) play by
- (ग) them now
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ख) play by
Continuous अर्थ के लिए 'is being played' होना चाहिए।
4. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: The work has (A) / finished by (B) / him already. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) The work has
- (ख) finished by
- (ग) him already
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ख) finished by
Perfect tense passive में has के बाद 'been' छूटा है।
5. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: You will (A) / help by (B) / the teacher. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) You will
- (ख) help by
- (ग) the teacher
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ख) help by
Future indefinite passive में 'will be helped' होता है।
6. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: A new car (A) / buy by him (B) / yesterday. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) A new car
- (ख) buy by him
- (ग) yesterday
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ख) buy by him
Past indefinite passive में 'was bought' होना चाहिए।
7. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: He has been (A) / reading the book (B) / for two hours. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) He has been
- (ख) reading the book
- (ग) for two hours
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (घ) No error
यह वाक्य active voice में present perfect continuous tense का है और बिल्कुल सही है।
8. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: The clothes were (A) / washing by her (B) / at noon. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) The clothes were
- (ख) washing by her
- (ग) at noon
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ख) washing by her
Passive में 'were being washed' होना चाहिए।
9. दिए गए वाक्य में त्रुटि पहचानें: English is (A) / speak all over (B) / the world. (C) / No error (D)
- (क) English is
- (ख) speak all over
- (ग) the world
- (घ) No error
उत्तर देखें
उत्तर: (ख) speak all over
is के बाद V3 (spoken) का प्रयोग होगा।
English version — Active to Passive: Rules for Every Tense
In active voice the subject performs the action, whereas in passive voice the focus shifts to the object. Hindi-medium students often forget the correct be-form for each tense. SSC and Railway exams test these rules frequently in direct conversion and error spotting.
Rule 1: The 3 Core Steps of Conversion
Every active-to-passive conversion requires 3 main steps. First, change the object into the subject. Second, use the correct be verb followed always by the third form of the verb (V3). Third, place the old subject with 'by' as an agent. Formula: Object + be + V3 + by + Subject
Examples
- ✔ A letter is written by him. — उसके द्वारा एक पत्र लिखा जाता है।
- ✔ Tea is made by her. — उसके द्वारा चाय बनाई जाती है।
- ✔ The ball is caught by Ram. — राम द्वारा गेंद पकड़ी जाती है।
- ✔ Cats are chased by dogs. — कुत्तों द्वारा बिल्लियों का पीछा किया जाता है।
- ✔ Grammar is taught by the teacher. — शिक्षक द्वारा व्याकरण पढ़ाया जाता है।
- ✔ Crops are grown by farmers. — किसानों द्वारा फसलें उगाई जाती हैं।
Common mistakes
- ✘ A letter writes by him.
- ✔ A letter is written by him. (Passive voice always requires V3 and a be-verb.)
- ✘ Tea made by her.
- ✔ Tea is made by her. (Passive cannot be formed without a be-verb like is/are/was.)
Rule 2: Pronoun Changes
When a pronoun shifts positions between subject and object, its case changes. For example, I becomes me, he becomes him, she becomes her, we becomes us, and they becomes them. You and it remain unchanged.
Examples
- ✔ I am helped by her. — उसकी सहायता से मेरी मदद की जाती है।
- ✔ We are supported by them. — उनके द्वारा हमारा समर्थन किया जाता है।
- ✔ You are scolded by him. — उसके द्वारा आपको डाँटा जाता है।
- ✔ They are respected by us. — हमारे द्वारा उनका सम्मान किया जाता है।
- ✔ She is helped by Ram. — राम द्वारा उसकी मदद की जाती है।
Common mistakes
- ✘ He is taught by I.
- ✔ He is taught by me. (Preposition 'by' takes the objective case (me), not the nominative (I).)
- ✘ We are supported by they.
- ✔ We are supported by them. (The objective case of 'they' is 'them'.)
Rule 3: Be-Forms for Indefinite and Continuous Tenses
Present/Past indefinite uses is/am/are or was/were. In continuous tenses, 'being' is added to show continuity before V3 (e.g., is/am/are being, was/were being). Future indefinite uses 'be' after will.
Examples
- ✔ A song is sung by her. — उसके द्वारा एक गाना गाया जाता है।
- ✔ A book was written by him. — उसके द्वारा एक किताब लिखी गई थी।
- ✔ Cricket is being played by them. — उनके द्वारा क्रिकेट खेला जा रहा है।
- ✔ Clothes were being washed by her. — उसके द्वारा कपड़े धोए जा रहे थे।
- ✔ You will be helped by the teacher. — शिक्षक द्वारा आपकी मदद की जाएगी।
- ✔ English is spoken here. — यहाँ अंग्रेजी बोली जाती है।
Common mistakes
- ✘ Cricket is playing by them.
- ✔ Cricket is being played by them. (Continuous tense passive requires 'being' before V3.)
- ✘ A book wrote by him.
- ✔ A book was written by him. (Past indefinite passive requires 'was' with V3.)
Rule 4: Be-Forms for Perfect Tenses
In perfect tenses (present, past, future), 'been' is added after has, have, had, or will have, followed by V3. Formula: has/have/had/will have + been + V3
Examples
- ✔ The work has been finished by him. — उसके द्वारा काम खत्म कर लिया गया है।
- ✔ The match has been won by them. — उनके द्वारा मैच जीत लिया गया है।
- ✔ Food had been cooked by her. — उसके द्वारा खाना पकाया जा चुका था।
- ✔ The task had been completed by me. — मेरे द्वारा काम पूरा कर लिया गया था।
- ✔ The puzzle will have been solved by him. — उसके द्वारा पहेली हल की जा चुकी होगी।
- ✔ A car has been bought by us. — हमारे द्वारा एक कार खरीदी गई है।
Common mistakes
- ✘ The work has finished by him.
- ✔ The work has been finished by him. (Perfect tense passive requires 'been' after has/have.)
- ✘ Food had cooked by her.
- ✔ Food had been cooked by her. (Active uses had + V3, but passive requires had been + V3.)
Rule 5: Tenses with No Passive Voice
There are 4 tenses that cannot be changed into passive voice: (1) Present Perfect Continuous, (2) Past Perfect Continuous, (3) Future Perfect Continuous, and (4) Future Continuous. Exams often trick students by giving fake passive sentences for these tenses.
Examples
- ✔ He has been reading for two hours. — वह दो घंटे से पढ़ रहा है।
- ✔ They had been playing since morning. — वे सुबह से खेल रहे थे।
- ✔ She will be singing a song. — वह गाना गा रही होगी।
- ✔ I will have been working here for five years. — मुझे यहाँ काम करते हुए पाँच साल हो चुके होंगे।
- ✔ Children are crying. — बच्चे रो रहे हैं।
- ✔ Birds fly in the sky. — पक्षी आकाश में उड़ते हैं।
Common mistakes
- ✘ A song will be being sung by her.
- ✔ She will be singing a song. (Future continuous tense does not have a passive form.)
- ✘ The room has been being cleaned.
- ✔ The room has been cleaned. (Perfect continuous tenses do not have a passive voice.)
Quick revision
- Convert the object into the subject when changing from active to passive.
- The third form of the verb (V3) is always used in passive voice.
- 'Being' is used for continuous tenses in passive voice.
- 'Been' is used for perfect tenses in passive voice.
- Four tenses (Future Continuous and all three Perfect Continuous) have no passive voice.
- Pronouns change accordingly, such as I to me and he to him.